Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your Duopoly shopping experience:
1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the Duopoly offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of Duopoly at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.
2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about
3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a Duopoly? Wrong! If the Duopoly is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.
4. Questions - Got a question about Duopoly then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....
5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling Duopoly? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about Duopoly and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.
6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your Duopoly wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.
7. Feedback - happy with your Duopoly then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.
8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Duopoly site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site
9. Contact - got a question about Duopoly, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.
10. Payment - ready to pay for your Duopoly, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.
A true
duopoly is a specific type of
oligopoly where only two producers exist in one
market. In reality, this definition is generally used where only two firms have dominant control over a
market. In the field of
industrial organization, it is the most commonly studied form of oligopoly due to its simplicity.
Duopoly Models in Economics
There are two principal duopoly models, Cournot duopoly and Bertrand duopoly:
- The Cournot model, shows that two firms assume each other's output and treat this as a fixed amount, and produce in their own firm according to this.
- The Joseph Louis François Bertrand model, in which, in a game of two firms, each one of them will assume that the other will not change prices in response to its price cuts. When both firms use this logic, they will reach a Nash Equilibrium.
Politics
Modern
Politics of the United States has been described as a duopoly since the
Republican Party (United States) and Democratic Party (United States) parties have dominated and framed policy debate as well as the public discourse on matters of national concern for about a century and a half.
Third Parties have encountered various obstacles to getting onto ballots at different levels of government, more so in recent decades.
See List of political parties in the United States for a more comprehensive look at the politics of the Two-party system, Duverger's law.
Examples in business
The most commonly cited duopoly is that between
Visa and Mastercard, who between them control a large proportion of the electronic payment processing market. In 2000 they were the defendants in a
United_States_Department_of_Justice Sherman_Antitrust_Act lawsuit. An appeal was upheld in 2004.
Examples where two companies control a large proportion of a market are:
Broadcasting
Duopoly is also used in the broadcast television and radio industry, referring to a single company owning two outlets in the same city. This usage is technically incompatible with the definition of the word, inasmuch as there are generally more than two owners of broadcast television stations markets with duopolies. In the United States, this has been frowned upon when using public airwaves, as it gives too much influence to one company. In Canada, this definition is more commonly called a "
twinstick".
Duopolies were not allowed in the United States until 2001. The
Federal Communications Commission allows common ownership of two stations in a single market with two conditions:
- There must be at least eight unique station owners left in the market once a duopoly is formed. In effect, duopolies are not allowed in any market with fewer than nine full-power stations (counting noncommercial stations).
- Two of the four highest-rated stations in a market cannot be owned by the same person.
There are at least two cases where a company has been accused of having duopolies where they aren't legally permitted by using
shell corporations to control a second station in a market.
- Sinclair Broadcast Group controls the operations of all six stations owned by Cunningham Broadcasting through local marketing agreements. However, nearly all of Cunningham's stock is held by trusts in the name of Sinclair's founders and owners, the Smith family. In three markets, Cunningham owns the fourth-highest rated station while Sinclair owns one of the three highest-rated stations. In the three other markets, there are too few stations or unique owners to legally permit a duopoly.
- Malara Broadcasting owns two stations--WPTA-TV in Fort Wayne, Indiana and KDLH-TV in Duluth, Minnesota. Both stations' operations are controlled by Granite Broadcasting, which owns WISE-TV in Fort Wayne and KBJR-TV in Duluth. Malara files its Securities and Exchange Commission reports jointly with Granite, leading to allegations that Malara is simply a shell for Granite. Neither Fort Wayne nor Duluth have enough stations to legally permit a duopoly.
See also
concentration of media ownership.
Examples in American television
- Cleveland: WOIO-CBS 19 & WUAB-MNTV 43 (Raycom Media)
- Dayton, Ohio: WKEF-American Broadcasting Company 22 (Sinclair Broadcast Group) & WRGT-TV-Fox 45 Cunningham Broadcasting effectively a Sinclair duopoly in violation of FCC rules
- Buffalo, New York: WIVB-TV-CBS 4 & WNLO-The CW (LIN TV); WUTV-FOX 29 & WNYO-TV-MNTV ([Sinclair Broadcast Group)
- Jacksonville, Florida: WJXX-American Broadcasting Company 25 & WTLV-NBC 12 (Gannett); WTEV-TV-CBS 47 & WAWS-FOX 30 (Clear Channel Communications)
- Hartford, Connecticut: WTNH-TV- American Broadcasting Company 8 & WCTX-MNTV 59 (LIN TV); and WTIC-TV-Fox 61 & WTXX-The CW
- Raleigh-Durham, North Carolina: WRAL-TV-CBS 5 & WRAZ-FOX 50 (Capitol Broadcasting); WLFL-The CW 22 & WRDC-MNTV 28 (Sinclair Broadcast Group)
- Washington, DC: WTTG-FOX 5 & WDCA-MNTV 20 (Fox Television Stations Group)
- New Orleans: WNOL-The CW 38 & WGNO American Broadcasting Company 26 (Tribune Broadcasting)
- Norfolk, Virginia: WAVY-TV-National Broadcasting Company 10 & WVBT Fox Broadcasting Company 43 (LIN TV)
- New York City, New York: WWOR-TV - MNTV 9 & WNYW - Fox 5 (Fox Television Stations Group)
- Boston: WBZ-TV-CBS 4 & WSBK-TV- Independent Station (CBS Corporation)
- Boston, Massachusetts, Massachusetts: WHDH-TV-NBC 7 & WLVI-TV- The CW 56 (Sunbeam Television)
- Minneapolis-St. Paul: KSTP-TV-American Broadcasting Company 5 & KSTC-TV-Independent station 45 (Hubbard Broadcasting); KMSP-TV 9 FOX & WFTC 29 MNTV (Fox Television Stations Group)
- Denver: KUSA-TV - NBC 9 & KTVD MNTV 20 (Gannett)
- Los Angeles: KCBS-TV CBS & KCAL Independent station 9 (CBS Corporation), KNBC- NBC 4 , KWHY Independent station & KVEA - TEL 52 (NBC Universal); and KTTV FOX and KCOP (Fox Television Stations Group)
- Chicago: WFLD - FOX 32 and WPWR MNTV 50 (Fox Television Stations Group)
- Little Rock, Arkansas: KLRT-TV - Fox Broadcasting Company 16 and KASN - The CW 38 (Clear Channel Communications (sale pending)
- Duluth, Minnesota: KBJR-TV - NBC 6 (Granite Broadcasting) and KDLH-TV - CBS 3 (Malara Broadcasting)
- Sacramento, California: KOVR-CBS 13 and KMAX-TV-The CW 13 (CBS Corporation)
A special case is
Salt Lake City. The NBC affiliate KSL-TV is owned by Bonneville International, and a PBS station,
KBYU-TV, is owned by
BYU. Bonneville is owned by the Deseret Management Corporation, a for-profit arm of
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints; BYU is directly owned by the LDS Church. While Deseret and BYU are separate entities, the fact that both are owned by the LDS Church makes them a duopoly in a sense.
Where there are 2 different owners listed, 1 station owner controls another station, called a local marketing agreement. Owner "A"
doesn't own station "B", they just
operate it for owner "B".
The NBC Universal duopoly in Los Angeles is a special case. Apparently, KWHY &
KVEA both count as ½ of a station, going back to an old rule trying to make UHF stations start up, with
VHF station counting as 2 UHF stations. Apparently, it allows a "trioply" in Los Angeles.
See also
A true
duopoly is a specific type of
oligopoly where only two producers exist in one market. In reality, this definition is generally used where only two firms have dominant control over a market. In the field of industrial organization, it is the most commonly studied form of oligopoly due to its simplicity.
Duopoly Models in Economics
There are two principal duopoly models, Cournot duopoly and Bertrand duopoly:
- The Cournot model, shows that two firms assume each other's output and treat this as a fixed amount, and produce in their own firm according to this.
- The Joseph Louis François Bertrand model, in which, in a game of two firms, each one of them will assume that the other will not change prices in response to its price cuts. When both firms use this logic, they will reach a Nash Equilibrium.
Politics
Modern
Politics of the United States has been described as a duopoly since the
Republican Party (United States) and Democratic Party (United States) parties have dominated and framed policy debate as well as the public discourse on matters of national concern for about a century and a half. Third Parties have encountered various obstacles to getting onto ballots at different levels of government, more so in recent decades.
See List of political parties in the United States for a more comprehensive look at the politics of the Two-party system, Duverger's law.
Examples in business
The most commonly cited duopoly is that between
Visa and Mastercard, who between them control a large proportion of the electronic payment processing market. In 2000 they were the defendants in a
United_States_Department_of_Justice Sherman_Antitrust_Act lawsuit. An appeal was upheld in 2004.
Examples where two companies control a large proportion of a market are:
Broadcasting
Duopoly is also used in the broadcast television and radio industry, referring to a single company owning two outlets in the same city. This usage is technically incompatible with the definition of the word, inasmuch as there are generally more than two owners of broadcast television stations markets with duopolies. In the United States, this has been frowned upon when using public airwaves, as it gives too much influence to one company. In Canada, this definition is more commonly called a "twinstick".
Duopolies were not allowed in the United States until 2001. The
Federal Communications Commission allows common ownership of two stations in a single market with two conditions:
- There must be at least eight unique station owners left in the market once a duopoly is formed. In effect, duopolies are not allowed in any market with fewer than nine full-power stations (counting noncommercial stations).
- Two of the four highest-rated stations in a market cannot be owned by the same person.
There are at least two cases where a company has been accused of having duopolies where they aren't legally permitted by using shell corporations to control a second station in a market.
- Sinclair Broadcast Group controls the operations of all six stations owned by Cunningham Broadcasting through local marketing agreements. However, nearly all of Cunningham's stock is held by trusts in the name of Sinclair's founders and owners, the Smith family. In three markets, Cunningham owns the fourth-highest rated station while Sinclair owns one of the three highest-rated stations. In the three other markets, there are too few stations or unique owners to legally permit a duopoly.
- Malara Broadcasting owns two stations--WPTA-TV in Fort Wayne, Indiana and KDLH-TV in Duluth, Minnesota. Both stations' operations are controlled by Granite Broadcasting, which owns WISE-TV in Fort Wayne and KBJR-TV in Duluth. Malara files its Securities and Exchange Commission reports jointly with Granite, leading to allegations that Malara is simply a shell for Granite. Neither Fort Wayne nor Duluth have enough stations to legally permit a duopoly.
See also
concentration of media ownership.
Examples in American television
- Cleveland: WOIO-CBS 19 & WUAB-MNTV 43 (Raycom Media)
- Dayton, Ohio: WKEF-American Broadcasting Company 22 (Sinclair Broadcast Group) & WRGT-TV-Fox 45 Cunningham Broadcasting effectively a Sinclair duopoly in violation of FCC rules
- Buffalo, New York: WIVB-TV-CBS 4 & WNLO-The CW (LIN TV); WUTV-FOX 29 & WNYO-TV-MNTV ([Sinclair Broadcast Group)
- Jacksonville, Florida: WJXX-American Broadcasting Company 25 & WTLV-NBC 12 (Gannett); WTEV-TV-CBS 47 & WAWS-FOX 30 (Clear Channel Communications)
- Hartford, Connecticut: WTNH-TV- American Broadcasting Company 8 & WCTX-MNTV 59 (LIN TV); and WTIC-TV-Fox 61 & WTXX-The CW
- Raleigh-Durham, North Carolina: WRAL-TV-CBS 5 & WRAZ-FOX 50 (Capitol Broadcasting); WLFL-The CW 22 & WRDC-MNTV 28 (Sinclair Broadcast Group)
- Washington, DC: WTTG-FOX 5 & WDCA-MNTV 20 (Fox Television Stations Group)
- New Orleans: WNOL-The CW 38 & WGNO American Broadcasting Company 26 (Tribune Broadcasting)
- Norfolk, Virginia: WAVY-TV-National Broadcasting Company 10 & WVBT Fox Broadcasting Company 43 (LIN TV)
- New York City, New York: WWOR-TV - MNTV 9 & WNYW - Fox 5 (Fox Television Stations Group)
- Boston: WBZ-TV-CBS 4 & WSBK-TV- Independent Station (CBS Corporation)
- Boston, Massachusetts, Massachusetts: WHDH-TV-NBC 7 & WLVI-TV- The CW 56 (Sunbeam Television)
- Minneapolis-St. Paul: KSTP-TV-American Broadcasting Company 5 & KSTC-TV-Independent station 45 (Hubbard Broadcasting); KMSP-TV 9 FOX & WFTC 29 MNTV (Fox Television Stations Group)
- Denver: KUSA-TV - NBC 9 & KTVD MNTV 20 (Gannett)
- Los Angeles: KCBS-TV CBS & KCAL Independent station 9 (CBS Corporation), KNBC- NBC 4 , KWHY Independent station & KVEA - TEL 52 (NBC Universal); and KTTV FOX and KCOP (Fox Television Stations Group)
- Chicago: WFLD - FOX 32 and WPWR MNTV 50 (Fox Television Stations Group)
- Little Rock, Arkansas: KLRT-TV - Fox Broadcasting Company 16 and KASN - The CW 38 (Clear Channel Communications (sale pending)
- Duluth, Minnesota: KBJR-TV - NBC 6 (Granite Broadcasting) and KDLH-TV - CBS 3 (Malara Broadcasting)
- Sacramento, California: KOVR-CBS 13 and KMAX-TV-The CW 13 (CBS Corporation)
A special case is
Salt Lake City. The NBC affiliate KSL-TV is owned by Bonneville International, and a PBS station, KBYU-TV, is owned by BYU. Bonneville is owned by the Deseret Management Corporation, a for-profit arm of
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints; BYU is directly owned by the LDS Church. While Deseret and BYU are separate entities, the fact that both are owned by the LDS Church makes them a duopoly in a sense.
Where there are 2 different owners listed, 1 station owner controls another station, called a local marketing agreement. Owner "A"
doesn't own station "B", they just
operate it for owner "B".
The NBC Universal duopoly in Los Angeles is a special case. Apparently,
KWHY & KVEA both count as ½ of a station, going back to an old rule trying to make UHF stations start up, with VHF station counting as 2
UHF stations. Apparently, it allows a "trioply" in Los Angeles.
See also
Duopoly
Duopoly. A duopoly is superficially similar to a monopoly. A duopoly is a market that has only two suppliers, or a market that is dominated by two suppliers to the extent that they ...
Duopoly - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A true duopoly is a specific type of oligopoly where only two producers exist in one market. In reality, this definition is generally used where only two firms have dominant ...
Duopoly definition |Dictionary.com
noun, plural -lies. the market condition that exists when there are only two sellers. Compare monopoly (def. 1), oligopoly.
duopoly - Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
Definition of duopoly from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary with audio pronunciations, thesaurus, Word of the Day, and word games.
AMD looks to break-up Wintel duopoly - vnunet.com
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Duopoly. A situation in which two companies own all or nearly all of the market for a given type of product or service. Notes: This is very similar to a monopoly, where only one ...